Pathology is the branch of medicine that deals with the study of diseases, their causes, development, effects on the body, and diagnosis through laboratory examination of tissues, blood, and other bodily fluids.
Pathologists play a critical role in diagnosing diseases like infections, cancers, autoimmune disorders, and more—often working behind the scenes in labs but central to patient care.
🧪 Main Branches of Pathology
- Anatomical Pathology
- Examines tissue samples, biopsies, surgical specimens, and autopsies
- Subdivisions:
- Histopathology – Study of tissues under a microscope
- Cytopathology – Study of individual cells (e.g., Pap smear)
- Forensic Pathology – Determines cause of death in legal investigations
- Clinical Pathology (Laboratory Medicine)
- Involves analysis of blood, urine, and other fluids
- Includes:
- Hematology – Study of blood and its disorders
- Microbiology – Study of infectious organisms
- Clinical chemistry – Analysis of enzymes, hormones, and electrolytes
- Immunology – Study of immune system functions and disorders
- Molecular Pathology
- Focuses on genetic and molecular analysis (e.g., PCR, DNA/RNA testing)
- Used in cancer diagnostics, infectious diseases, and personalized medicine
🔬 Common Pathology Tests
- Biopsy analysis (e.g., to detect cancer)
- Blood tests (CBC, liver/kidney function, etc.)
- Urine analysis
- Pap smear
- Microbial culture
- Genetic testing
🧑⚕️ Who Is a Pathologist?
A pathologist is a medical doctor (MD or DO) who specializes in diagnosing diseases by:
- Examining lab results and samples
- Consulting with other physicians
- Guiding treatment decisions based on findings
🏥 Role of Pathology in Healthcare
- Accurate diagnosis of diseases
- Monitoring treatment effectiveness
- Screening and early detection
- Providing essential data for public health and research
✅ Importance of a Pathology Lab Facility
- Well-equipped labs are essential for fast and accurate diagnostics.
- Facilities should ensure:
- Trained technical staff
- Strict quality control and hygiene
- Accurate reporting systems
- Timely delivery of test results
🛠️ Limitations & Challenges
- Requires proper sample collection and handling
- Interpretation depends on expertise
- Advanced tests may not be available in all settings
